Earlier, Pancoast lung cancer was incurable, but thanks to the advancement in treatment, the five-year survival rate of patients with Pancoast lung cancer has been improving. On average, the five-year survival rate is around 30-50% but maybe as high as 90% if detected very early.

The survival rate is often the highest among patients with a Pancoast tumor who
Have undergone surgery that removes all visible traces of the tumor.
Are diagnosed before cancer spreads to the lymph nodes.
Receive radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of both before or after their surgery.
Do not present with advanced Pancoast-Tobias syndrome (a collection of symptoms that occur in later stages of cancer).

What is Pancoast lung cancer?

Pancoast tumors are a rare type of lung cancer that forms at the extreme top of either of the lungs. Due to their location at the top of the lung, there’s a high chance that cancer might attack the adjacent tissue and produce typical symptoms. Pancoast tumors can attack the following structures:

Thoracic ribs (top ribs in the chest)
Intercostal nerves (nerves that lie between adjacent pair of ribs)
Brachial plexus (bundle of nerves close to the spinal cord that supply to the arms and legs)
Adjacent ribs
Spine
Blood vessels that supply blood to the arm

Most of the Pancoast tumors are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. Only three to five cases of Pancoast tumors are small cell carcinoma.

Risk factors of Pancoast tumors are similar to any lung cancer, which include:

Tobacco smoking
Secondary exposure to tobacco smoking
Occupational exposure to asbestos
Exposure to industrial elements such as gold or nickel

What are the symptoms of Pancoast tumors?

Because Pancoast tumors occur at the top of the lungs, they do not exhibit typical symptoms of lung cancer, such as cough and chest pain. On the contrary, due to the invasion of the adjacent tissues, the initial symptom of a Pancoast tumor is usually a pain in the shoulders, shoulder blade (scapula), or both. Additional symptoms include:

Pain radiating to the arm, elbow, and pinky and ring fingers
Severe and persistent pain that may require narcotic pain medications
The weakness of the arm, hand, and forearm
Atrophy (muscle degeneration) of the arm, hand, and forearm
Paresthesia of the arm, hand, and forearm characterized by a sensation of
pricking,
tingling, and
creeping.
Horner syndrome characterized by
Ptosis (drooping eyelid).
Anhidrosis (absence of sweating).
Miosis (a contraction of the pupil of the eye).
Enophthalmos (sinking of the eyeballs).
Paralysis of the lower half of the body in 25% of cases
Edema in case of blood vessel compression

How does the physician diagnose Pancoast lung cancer?

There’s a chance of late diagnosis in Pancoast lung cancer because the top of the lungs may not be seen in the initial chest X-ray. Once the patient presents with symptoms, the tumor has already invaded the adjacent structures. Additionally, the symptoms of Pancoast lung cancer are similar to those of many nerve-related or muscle-related disorders. The physician may diagnose a Pancoast tumor using the following:

Chest X-ray
Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the chest
Arteriogram or venogram (an X-ray taken after the injection of an opaque substance)
Bronchoscopy (a tubular, illuminated instrument to examine the airways of the lungs)
Biopsy

How to treat Pancoast lung cancer?

Treatment of Pancoast tumor depends on the stage of cancer, its exact position in the lung, and the overall health. Treatment options for Pancoast lung cancer include:

Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Targeted therapy
Immunotherapy
Laser therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
Cryosurgery
Electrocautery
Watchful waiting

New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.

Chemoprevention: It involves the use of drugs, vitamins, or other substances to reduce the risk of cancer.
Radiosensitizers: These are substances that assist in the easy destruction of tumor cells with radiation therapy.
New combinations: New combinations of treatment are being studied in clinical trials.